Americans perpair for war

The Germans started launching attacks on American ships. Then they proposed a threat on the United States and then we declared war. B) Yes because we shouldn't have hushed Into anything and we did something about the boat attacks by making an agreement and then they proposed a threat and then we came Into the war for a good cause. 2. A) President Wilson Formed The Committee on Public Information (ICP). The ICP did a lot by organized rallies and parades and published posters and pamphlets.They reposed The Espionage Act of 1 917 and the Sedition act of 1918. They got crop for the troops by paying farmers to plant all their land and sell them the crops. People at home had to conserve food and practice â€Å"meatless Mondays, hatless Wednesdays† and they planted their own vegetables in Unicorn Gardens† B) The ICP organized rallies and parades and published pamphlets and posters etc. They also had speakers know as â€Å"four-minute men† who gave short patriotic speeche s In many places to get people to Join the war.C) The government raised taxes and issued war bonds: the U. S. War bonds and Liberty bonds provided billions of dollars in loans to the Allies. The War Industries Board (WBI) saw the production distribution of copper, steel, cement, and rubber so people couldn't get what they needed. 3. A) One million women joined the U. S. Workforce during the few years of the war. Women worked as nurses, telephone operators, signaled, typists, and interpreters In France. Women couldn't get Jobs in combat but they braved gunfire.B) Because of all the men fighting In battle the factories had fewer workers so all he new job opportunities Mexican Americans took. Because labor was so scarce workers demanded better wages and conditions so they went on strike, they established a minimum wage and limited work hours and gave women fair pay. 4. Separate sheet of paper. 5. They were attacking our allies and destroying our ships that were caring supplies to our a llies, and the Germans started attacking ships without warning.In 191 5 a German U-boat sank a British passenger line killing 128 Americans, this did not pass ell with the Americans. Germans proposed a threat to the U. S. And that was It the American public was an outraged by the telegram then we declared war. B) Yes because we shouldn't have hushed into anything and we did something then we came into the war for a good cause. Proposed The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition act of 1918. They got crop for speeches in many places to get people to Join the war. C) The government raised taxes and issued war bonds; the U. S. AR bonds and A) One million women Joined the U. S. Rockford during the few years of the war. Women worked as nurses, telephone operators, signaled, typists, and interpreters in France. Women couldn't get Jobs in combat but they braved gunfire.

Link Antiretroviral Therapy Centre Health And Social Care Essay

Peoples populating with HIV/AIDS face a major economic load on themselves every bit good as their households. This economic load put their households into vulnerable state of affairs by doing them to sell their assets and utilize their economy which in bend puts them in debt. If this economic load can be reduced, PLHA will hold important decrease in mortality and morbidity and their households can populate their lives with less problem and jobs. Aim and aims: To cognize the benefits received by people populating with HIV/AIDS and go toing Link ART Centre in Karkala and Kundapura taluk of Udupi territory which includes their outgo of cost and clip while on ART on a regular basis. This survey besides includes appraisal of services provided by link ART Centre. Methodology: There were entire 154 survey topics interviewed with a pre tested interview agenda inquiring them about their cost and clip outgo while taking ART from link ART and nodal ART Centre. Servicess provided by the Link ART Centres was besides assessed as portion of the benefits of people and compared with guidelines given for running Link ART Centre by NACO, India. Consequences: A cost minimisation analysis was done with a conjectural scenario of Link ART absence and presence. It was found that there was a great decrease in cost and clip outgo of clients since they have started coming to associate ART Centre. Mean ( Std. Dev. ) cost spent by clients in the instance when nexus ART was unavailable was Rs. 2462.00 ( Rs.1752.43 ) and in the instance where nexus ART was available was Rs. 1134.90 ( Rs. 1548.98 ) . Median clip spent by clients in instance when nexus ART was unavailable was 20 hours and in instance when nexus ART was available was 40hours.These two cost and clip was compared and tested with Wilcoxson mark rank trial and found to be important ( p= & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in both clip and cost analysis. Health service appraisal found out that both link ART Centre have some substructure and human re source demands to be fulfilled. Drugs handiness and research lab services are good under state of affairs and working harmonizing to guidelines. Decision: Link ART Centre was an first-class measure taken by the NACO with Government of India. It helped a batch of PLHA to salvage their clip and cost on going and other outgos. Link ART centres gives chance to primary wellness attention system to include HIV/AIDS in their precedence country by deconcentrating ART Centres as drug distribution Centres. Link ART centres reduced a great burden of clients coming to ART Centres every month. Clients can besides be attended good when the instance burden on each counselor is non more. Important demands of the Centres need to be fulfilled to give better services to the clients go toing link ART Centre.IntroductionWhen HIV/AIDS was first recognized in 1981, few would hold predicted that it would intensify into a modern twenty-four hours pestilence, with over 33.3 million person infected worldwide. 1 The most advanced phase of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . It can take 10-15 old ages for an HIV-infected individual to develop AIDS ; antiretroviral drugs can decelerate down the procedure even further.2 Antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) has been proven to be extremely effectual at cut downing HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. 4-8 Standard Antiretroviral Therapy ( ART ) consists of the usage of at least three Antiretroviral ( ARV ) drugs to maximally stamp down the HIV virus and halt the patterned advance of HIV disease. Huge decreases have been seen in rates of decease and agony when usage is made of a powerful antiretroviral regimen.2 Art Centres were started by Government of India in April 2004 with 8 Centres across the state. In a phased mode it was up scaled to 250 Centres all over the state. These Centres in all over the state provide free ART to more than 300,000 grownups and 40,000 kids. The ART Centres are located chiefly in Medical Colleges, Tertiary Hospitals and District Hospitals in some provinces. As a consequence, many a times, patients from fringe have to go long distances to make the ART Centre. As the intervention is life-long and drugs are provided one time a month, it means the patient has to come to ART Centre every month for remainder of his life, even when he is stable on intervention. This may take to losing of visits, peculiarly when patient is going or is otherwise feeling healthy. Besides monthly visits lead to batch of haste at ART Centres, taking to long waiting hours and incommodiousness to patients. The monthly visits may besides imply the patient ‘s stay in the metropolis taking to escalation of costs in add-on to go cost. Many a times these costs may be more than cost of drugs that patient is provided. All these factors have been perceived as possible barriers to an optimum attachment for ART. To minimise the travel demand for the patients stable on ART, it is envisaged to hold authorized Drug Distribution Centres that are called Link ART centres located near the patient ‘s abode. These Centres will be linked to a Nodal ART Centre within accessible distance. Link ART centres was started with the aims to incorporate ART services with the Primary / Secondary Health Care system, to construct the capacity of the wellness attention staff at the Primary Health Care Level in ART intervention, to increase the entree of ART services to the people populating with HIV/AIDS ( PLHA ) , to better the attachment of patients to ART, to cut down the travel cost and travel clip of PLHA to entree services and to cut down the burden at the Nodal ART Centre.Materials and MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted to understand the benefits received by people populating with HIV/AIDS go toing link antiretroviral therapy Centre in Karkala and Kundapura link antiretroviral therapy Centre of Udupi territory. A pre tested interview agenda was administered to enter the cost and clip spent on the twenty-four hours of the visit to associate and nodal antiretroviral therapy Centre by people on antiretroviral therapy. Data was collected and analyzed utilizing SPSS ( version 16 ) bundle and Microsoft Excel 2007.ConsequencesTable I depicts that in Kundapura link ART Centre there were 117 participant ‘s registered and out of them 101 ( 86.32 % ) clients are taking ART, 2 ( 1.71 % ) of the clients were loss to follow-up, 12 ( 10.26 ) clients shifted back to nodal ART Centre due to Opportunist Infections, personal jobs and 2 ( 1.71 % ) deceases were reported. In Karkala link ART Centre at the terminal of July 2011 there were 37 clients registered, out of them 35 ( 94.6 % ) clients are taking ART, 1 ( 2.7 % ) of the client was loss to follow up, 1 ( 2.7 % ) client was shifted back to nodal ART due to timeserving infection ( TB ) and no deceases were reported. Table Two sh ows that 124 ( 91.2 % ) participants were passing less than 1750 Rs per annum on going to ART Centres. This outgo includes travel charges of 12 visits to associate and 2 visits to nodal ART Centre. Table Three shows that 109 ( 80.1 % ) participants did non passing on nutrient on the twenty-four hours of travel to associate ART Centre and 17 ( 12.5 % ) of participants are passing about 265 to 530 Rs per annum on nutrient. Table Four shows that 37 ( 27.2 % ) of participants spent their clip between one hr to 15 hours per twelvemonth on going for nexus and nodal ART Centre, 71 ( 52.2 % ) participants exhausted 15 to 30 hours on going while 18 ( 13.2 % ) participants spent 30-45 hours of their clip on going. It was besides noticed that average clip spent on going to associate and nodal ART Centre per twelvemonth was 20 hour. Table Volt shows that there was a important difference ( p= & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in the cost when nexus ART is available and non available was compared at 5 % importa nt degree. Average cost spent when nexus ART was available was Rs.1134.91with standard divergence of 1548.98 and average cost spent when nexus ART was non available was Rs. 2462.06 with standard divergence of 1752.43. Table VI depicts that there was a important difference ( p= & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) in the cost, when nexus ART is available and non available was compared at 5 % important degree. Median clip spent when link ART was available was 20 hours ( 25th percentile 15 hours and 75th percentile 29 hours ) and average clip spent when link ART was non available was 40 hours ( 25th percentile 33 hours and 75th percentile 72 hours )DiscussionA cost-minimization analysis ( CMA ) steps and compares input costs and clip, and assumes results to be tantamount. In this survey cost and clip spent by the clients go toing link ART Centre was measured with doing an premise of equal result i.e. in this instance is drug distributing to the ART clients. There were batch of cost effectivity surveies conducted on ART for HIV/AIDS and it was proved to be really cost effectual. ART has been proven to be extremely effectual at cut downing HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. 4-8 In India ART is provided free of cost in selected authorities wellness attention Centre named as ART centres. Most of these Centres are located in territory central offices hence clients need to go to these Centres every month to roll up their medical specialties for life long. Due to regular traveling to these Centres there is immense sum of out-of-pocket outgo on these disbursals from the clients which causes economic load on household.18 This economic load leads the household to run on crises, they start selling their assets and salvaging and in bend seting households in debt which may worsen preexistent poverty.21 Studies proved HIV/AIDS in India causes major economic load on households even when drugs are provided free of cost to the clients due to immense out-of-pocket outgo on transposing to take the drugs.25,26 To get the better of the burden Government of India and NACO started periphery drug distribution Centres called link ART Centres which was located in fringes of territ ory central office. So that, it will be less clip and money consuming for the clients to go to the Centres located near to their houses. This survey is based on the cost minimisation rule to warrant the construct of link ART Centre as the right pick of intercession to minimise the load on the households with people populating with HIV/AIDS.Out of Pocket outgoThere is immense sum of decrease in out of pocket outgo of money and clip being saved due to opening up of link ART Centre. The magnitude of clip and money saved can be utilized with more productive work and that money can be used in bettering wellness of the person and household. After link ART was opened many of the clients do n't hold to take leave from their occupation and come to take their medical specialties. Many people are day-to-day pay worker and if they take off from occupation that twenty-four hours salary will be cut. Now, as link ART is opened they come during their tiffin clip to roll up their medical specialty w ithout taking off from work. It was found in the survey that few of the kids ‘s parents died with AIDS and now either their household member or relations are taking attention of those kids. All the disbursals of those kids are borne by their defenders and in bend seting their household with economic load. Since the nexus ART Centre has been opened, there is immense sum of decrease in economic load on these households. It was besides found that few grandparents are taking attention of their grandkids and taking them for their medical specialties to Centres. This construct of link ART Centre will cut down their load excessively.Transportation system CostMost preferred manner of conveyance for the clients to go to associate ART Centre was Public conveyance system i.e. coach. As HIV/AIDS is extremely stigmatising societal job, PLHA do non prefer to utilize the base on balls service as they have to unwrap their HIV position to the conveyance company to acquire the base on balls issued.Food Cost and drug costMan y clients go toing link ART Centre skip their afternoon repast as they do n't desire to pass some excess money on nutrient. Jumping nutrient can do serious job with their unsusceptibility on interest as they are really vulnerable to many timeserving infection. Clients sometimes have to purchase few medical specialties for their timeserving infection and general jobs. These medical specialties put more economic load on the clients and doing them vulnerable to economic debt.Travel TimeClients had to go a long distance boulder clay link ART Centre was non opened but now people who are shifted to associate ART Centre reported a great decrease in clip ingestion on travel and they can pass more clip on work and with households.Table I: – Associate ART enrollment inside informationsLink ARTStatusNumber of ParticipantsPercentageKundapura On ART 101 86.32 Loss to follow up 2 1.71 Shifted back to Nodal ART Centre 12 10.26 Death 2 1.71 Entire 117 100 Karkala On ART 35 94.6 Loss to follow up 1 2.7 Shifted back to Nodal ART Centre 1 2.7 Death Nothing Nothing Entire 37 100Table Two: – Outgo on travel by participants per twelvemonth ( n=136 )Travel cost per twelvemonth ( Rupees )Number of ParticipantsPercentage& A ; lt ; 1750 124 91.2 1750-3500 9 6.6 3500-5250 2 1.5 5250-7000 Nothing Nothing 7000-8750 Nothing Nothing 8750-10500 Nothing Nothing 10500-12250 Nothing Nothing 12250-14000 1 0.7Entire136100.0Table Three: – Outgo on nutrient per twelvemonth by participants ( n=136 )Food Cost ( Rupees )Number of ParticipantsPercentageNothing 109 80.1 265-530 17 12.5 530-795 6 4.4 795-1060 2 1.5 1060-1590 Nothing Nothing 1590-1855 1 0.7 1855-2120 1 0.7 Entire 136 100.0Table Four: – Time spent on going per twelvemonth by participants ( n=136 )Time spent ( Hours )Number of participantsPercentage0-15 37 27.2 15-30 71 52.2 30-45 18 13.2 45-60 7 5.1 60-75 1 0.7 75-90 Nothing Nothing 90-105 Nothing Nothing 105-120 2 1.5 Entire 136 100Table Volt: – Wilcoxon mark rank trial for comparing link ART available and unavailable cost spent by the participants ( n=136 )ClassNumber of ParticipantsMeanStd. DeviationPercentilesP- value25thfiftieth75thLink ART available cost136 1134.91 1548.98 514.50 783.00 1133.50 & A ; lt ; 0.001Link ART unavailable cost136 2462.06 1752.43 1356 1812.00 3120.00Table Six: – Wilcoxon mark rank trial for comparing link ART available and unavailable clip spent by the participants ( n=136 )ClassNumber of ParticipantsMedianPercentilesP- value25thfiftieth75thLink ART available clip136 20 15 20 29 & A ; lt ; 0.001Link ART unavailable clip136 40 33 40 72

Bookbinders Book Club Essay

1. Before beginning any case, students should familiarize themselves with the model being used. Marketing Engineering for Excel comes with tutorials that demonstrate the capability of each model. The tutorial can be found under each model within the ME>XL menu after starting Excel. These tutorials are designed to work with our OfficeStar examples which are located in the My Marketing Engineering directory, usually installed in My Documents during software installation. The data required for this case is located in two files in the My Marketing Engineering directory (usually located within My Documents): Bookbinders Book Club Data (Customer Choice). xls Bookbinders Book Club Data (Customer Choice) Holdout Sample. xls 2. Introduction About 50,000 new titles, including new editions, are published in the United States each year, giving rise to a $20+ billion book publishing industry. About 10 percent of the books are sold through mail order. Book retailing in the 1970s was characterized by the growth of chain bookstore operations in concert with the development of shopping malls. Traffic in bookstores in the 1980s was enhanced by the spread of discounting. In the 1990s, the superstore concept of book retailing was responsible for the double-digit growth of the book industry. Generally situated near large shopping centers, superstores maintain large inventories of anywhere from 30,000 to 80,000 titles. Superstores are putting intense competitive pressure on book clubs, mail-order firms and retail outlets. Recently, online superstores, such as www. amazon. com, have emerged, carrying 1–2. 5 million titles and further intensifying the pressure on book clubs and mail-order firms. In response to these pressures, book clubs are starting to look at alternative business models that will make them more responsive to their customers’ preferences. Historically, book clubs offered their readers continuity and negative option programs that were based on an extended contractual relationship between the club and its subscribers. In a continuity program, popular in such genres as children’s books, a reader signs up for an offer of several books for a few dollars each (plus shipping and handling on each book) and agrees to receive Copyright  © 2008 by DecisionPro, Inc. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, go to www. decisionpro. biz. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the permission of DecisionPro, Inc. a shipment of one or two books each month thereafter. In a negative option program, subscribers get to choose which and how many additional books they will receive, but the default option is that the club’s selection will be delivered to them each month. The club informs them of the monthly selection and they must mark â€Å"no† on their order forms if they do not want to receive it. Some firms are now beginning to offer books on a positive-option basis, but only to selected segments of their customer lists that they deem receptive to specific offers. Book clubs are also beginning to use database marketing techniques to work smarter rather than expand the coverage of their mailings. According to Doubleday president Marcus Willhelm, â€Å"The database is the key to what we are doing†¦. We have to understand what our customers want and be more flexible. I doubt book clubs can survive if they offer the same 16 offers, the same fulfillment to everybody. †2 Doubleday uses modeling techniques to look at more than 80 variables, including geography and the types of books customers purchase, and selects three to five variables that are the most influential predictors. The Bookbinders Book Club The BBB Club was established in 1986 for the purpose of selling specialty books through direct marketing. BBBC is strictly a distributor and does not publish any of the books it sells. In anticipation of using database marketing, BBBC made a strategic decision right from the start to build and maintain a detailed database about its members containing all the relevant information about them. Readers fill out an insert and return it to BBBC which then enters the data into the database. The company currently has a database of 500,000 readers and sends out a mailing about once a month. BBBC is exploring whether to use predictive modeling approaches to improve the efficacy of its direct mail program. For a recent mailing, the company selected 20,000 customers in Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio from its database and included with their regular mailing a specially produced brochure for the book The Art History of Florence. This resulted in a 9. 03 percent response rate (1806 orders) for the purchase of the book. BBBC then developed a database to calibrate a response model to identify the factors that influenced these purchases. For this case analysis, we will use a subset of the database available to BBBC. It consists of data for 400 customers who purchased the book, and 1,200 customers who did not, thereby over-representing the response group. The dependent variable for the analysis is Choice — purchase or no purchase of The Art History of Florence. BBBC also selected several independent variables that it thought might explain the observed choice behavior. Below is a description of the variables used for the analysis: Choice: Whether the customer purchased the The Art History of Florence. 1 corresponds to a purchase and 0 corresponds to a nonpurchase. Gender: 0 = Female and 1 = Male. Amount purchased: Total money spent on BBBC books. Frequency: Total number of purchases in the chosen period (used as a proxy for frequency. ) Last purchase (recency of purchase): Months since last purchase. First purchase: Months since first purchase. P_Child: Number of children’s books purchased. BOOKBINDERS BOOK CLUB CASE 2/4 P_Youth: Number of youth books purchased. P_Cook: Number of cookbooks purchased. P_DIY: Number of do-it-yourself books purchased. P_Art: Number of art books purchased. To assess the performance of the model, the data set includes a second sheet with 2300 customers–a holdout sample representative of the entire target market. The use of such a validation sample is an appropriate way to compare alternative models. BOOKBINDERS BOOK CLUB CASE 3/4 EXERCISES BBBC is evaluating three different modeling methods to isolate the factors that most influenced customers to order The Art History of Florence: an RFM (Recency, Frequency and Monetary Value) model, an ordinary linear regression model, and a binary logit model. 1. Summarize the results of your analysis for all three models. Develop your models using the case data files and then assess them on the holdout data sample. Interpret the results of these models. In particular, highlight which factors most influenced the customers’ decision to buy or not to buy the book. Bookbinders is considering a similar mail campaign in the Midwest where it has data for 50,000 customers. Such mailings typically promote several books. The allocated cost of the mailing is $0. 65/addressee (including postage) for the art book, and the book costs Bookbinders $15 to purchase and mail. The company allocates overhead to each book at 45 percent of cost. The selling price of the book is $31. 95. Based on the model, which customers should Bookbinders target? How much more profit would you expect the company to generate using these models as compared to sending the mail offer to the entire list? Based on the insights you gained from this modeling exercise, summarize the advantages and limitations of each of the modeling approaches. Look at both similar and dissimilar results. As part of your recommendations to the company, indicate whether it should invest in developing expertise in any of these methods to develop an in-house capability to evaluate its direct mail campaigns. How would you simplify and automate your recommended method(s) for future modeling efforts at the company. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 The case and the database were developed by Professors Nissan Levin and Jacob Zahavi at Tel Aviv University. We have adapted these materials for use with our software, with their permission. 2 DM News, May 23, 1994. BOOKBINDERS BOOK CLUB CASE 4/4

Use of Social Media in Consumer Events in Kazakhstan Dissertation

Use of Social Media in Consumer Events in Kazakhstan - Dissertation Example The different social platforms present different functions which aid the users in deciding to use the applications. the existing discrepancies commonly result in the users being selective of the social media platforms based on the capability of the user to meet personal requirements (Kwon & Wen 2010). The significance of the information available on a social network remains critical to the capability of individuals deciding to use such form of media over others. The popularity of the social media platforms has continued with the increased availability and capacity to access from different devices. Facebook is estimated to the social media platform with many active users globally, who are estimated at 1.35 billion in 2014. While these are the global statistics, within different regions, the usage of these social media platforms remains different. The levels might be higher or lower based on the applicability of the platform and regulations existing within a region. The application of social media remains governed by different personal and social issues. Despite the popularity of the social media, the reasons behind the utilisation of any given platform remain different among various users. This is mainly because of the objectives people seek to achieve through the social media (Heinonen 2011). The reasons are relatively wide and range from socialisation, business to communication and political and other social reasons. Social media has continuously gained popularity and has surpassed the traditional forms of media.

Knowledge initatives in business august 06 resit Essay

Knowledge initatives in business august 06 resit - Essay Example â€Å"Over the past 15 years there has been a growing interest in international strategic alliances and how organizations learn from their partners and develop new competencies through their collaborative efforts.† (Simonin, 2004) Hewlett-Packard and Ernst & Young are two such companies at the leading edge of their industries, partly because their company culture values and promotes the development and application of knowledge within the company. We will look at and compare these two companies and see how their strategy works to promote a network of useful knowledge being creatively applied, and how this has affected the companies. Hewlett-Packard and Ernst & Young are in two different industries, computer hardware and peripherals and business and financial consulting respectively, but they each leverage e-commerce solutions to promote and carry on business. They both employ very comprehensive websites, which are accessible and useful to the public to cultivate new business, serve current customers and spread knowledge about the company. These websites offer education, customer support and an infrastructure which facilitates both business to customer (B2C) and business to business (B2B) sales. Let us first look at each company and how it operated, its corporate culture and the methods employed for knowledge management. Then we can compare these to see what they have in common and how they differ, with perhaps and understanding of the reason for similarities and differences and how they work for each company. Ernst & Young is anything but young. The current company is a result of several mergers since the inception of the UK company Harding and Pullein in 1849. When American Frederick Whinney and his sons became partners in 1859, the company was renamed Whinney, Smith & Whinney to reflect the change. In 1903, Alwin and Theodore Ernst established Ernst in Cleveland, while Arthur Young and Company was formed in Chicago in 1906. So all original

Legal Systems and Contract Law - resit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Legal Systems and Contract Law - resit - Essay Example 4. The position of Constance in the existing circumstances and its impact on Calum. 5. Possible remedies available to Calum RULES In order to conduct a critical analysis of the case at hand, it is necessary to examine the relevant components of the English and the Scottish legal systems that differ. However, to set the discussion rolling, it is necessary to examine the general rules that define the concepts of offer, acceptance and contracts in both jurisdictions. English Common Law In order to form a valid contract, there must be an offer and an acceptance. In the general sense, an acceptance must match the terms of the offer and it. The specific method of acceptance must comply with the required method of acceptance1. Thus, if the offeror specifies that an offer must be accepted via one medium of communication, that medium must be used to accept the offer. In other cases, an equally appropriate method of communication of acceptance to the offeror might be sufficient to create a val id contract2. There is a general issue with acceptance of contract offers by post. This is because when a person accepts an offer via post, the offeror might not be aware. Some issues came up in relation to this trend of affairs and hence, a number of significant rulings came up which defined the postal rule in contract law. The postal rule states that an acceptance is effective the moment an offeree posts a document asserting his acceptance3. A lost letter or a delayed letter does not affect the validity of the acceptance4. However, in modern times, the postal rule applies where postal acceptance is specified as the means of accepting an offer5. Offer In the famous case of Routledge V Grant, it was accepted that an offer is valid until there is a revocation. In the case at hand, an offer was made by Grant to lease his premises to Routledge and he stated that he would keep the offer opened for 6 weeks. However, in the third week, Grant revoked the offer and sold it to another person . It was held that there was no contract between them and Grant could revoke the contract at any time and sell it to anyone he pleased6. This is the general law, however there are some modifications under Scottish Law in this. However, in Byrne V Van Tienhoven, it was established that revocation must be communicated to the offeree7. How an Offer May End It is a general position in English law that request for further details does not mean a rejection of the offer8. However, the lapse of reasonable time or specified time of the offer can render it invalid9. Also, failure to meet a given condition of the offer can render it terminated and the offer will not be available anymore10. A counter offer renders an offer invalid, however, in the case of Butler Machine Tools V Ex-Cello11, the House of Lords held that a counter offer creates some kind of bargaining which they called a â€Å"battle of forms† in which the â€Å"last shot wins†. Scottish Civil Law The relevant aspect of the Scottish civil law that is relevant in the law of contract relate mainly to promises, counter offers and remedies. They are discussed below. Promise A promise seeks to invoke a moral rule that obliges the promiser to keep his word. In most jurisdictions including English law, a promise invokes nothing more than a mere moral obligation which is not enforceable in court. However, promises

The Attributes that makes the Best Corporations Essay

The Attributes that makes the Best Corporations - Essay Example Managers are people who get the work done through other people. Managers use their conceptual, human, and technical skills to perform four management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in all organizations - large and small, manufacturing and service, profit and non-for-profit. But not all managers' job is the same. Managers are responsible for different departments, work at different levels in the hierarchy, and meet different requirements for achieving high performance. All managers must contribute to planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in their organizations - but in different amounts and ways. Top managers are at the top of the hierarchy and are responsible for the entire organization. They have such titles as president, chairperson, executive director, chief executive officer (CEO), and executive vice-president. Top managers are responsible for setting organizational goals, defining strategies for achieving them, monitoring and interpreting the external environment, and making decisions that affect the entire organization. They look to the long-term future and concern themselves with general environmental trends and the organization's overall success. Among the most important responsibilities for top managers are communicating a shared vision for the organization, shaping corporate culture, and nurturing an entrepreneurial spirit that can help the company keep pace with rapid change. Today more than ever before, top managers must engage the unique knowledge, skills, and capabilities of each employee. Middle managers work at middle levels of the organization and are responsible for business units and major departments. Examples of middle managers are department head, division head, manager of quality control, and director of the research lab. Middle managers typically have two or more management levels beneath them. They are responsible for implementation the overall strategies and policies defined by top managers. Middle managers are concerned with the near future, are expected to establish good relationships with peers around the organization, encourage teamwork, and resolve conflicts. Recent trends in corporate restructuring and downsizing have made the middle manager's job difficult. Many companies have become lean and efficient by laying off middle managers and by slashing middle management levels. Traditional pyramidal organization charts are flattening, allowing information to flow quickly from top to bottom and decisions to he made with the greater speed necessary in today's highly competitive global marketplace. Nowadays there is a tendency of middle management shrinking. For example, Eastman Kodak recently cut middle management by 30 percent and reduced its middle management levels from seven to three. The Medical Systems Group at General Electric cut middle management by 33 percent. These cuts have improved the efficiency and performance of many corporations via improved responsiveness to customers, speed in new product development, and increased profits. The decline in middle management and the simultaneous improvement in corporate efficiency are

Contract tender process in the work environment Essay

Contract tender process in the work environment - Essay Example It is interesting that computer crime is compared with the crime of serial killing, but computer criminals are more subtle, erratic and evasive. Therefore, it requires serious anti-computer crime control mechanisms to check this devastating crime that has defrauded corporations, societies and individuals to the tune of millions of dollars each year. One issue that has become a disturbing phenomenon to corporate stakeholders, as well as business management process decision-makers and leaders of communities is computer crime. But the impact of this modern-day problem is mainly felt in the corporate world, where organizations stand to potentially lose millions of dollars a year. For the fact that computers are becoming household commodities, and Internet access is ubiquitous and cheap, there is no end to the threats from what is termed the computer criminal. This report would investigate the sources of computer crime, its trend now, the losses it causes many corporate entities, and some of the criminal types behind the ever increasing range of scams. Relevant literature from peer-reviewed sources would be explored in order to elicit vital information about how computer crime has developed to ravage our societies. Findings from these scholastic sources are highlighted and discussed with the view of offering recommendations about the appropriate ways to tackle the endemic problem of computer crime. Experts dealing with this major problem have attempted to give specific definitions of what is a computer crime. This has been made more difficult by the crime type evolution, the fact that over the years, this kind of crime has developed into several interwoven forms comprising all crime types involving the use of computers. It has also been discovered that computer crime is a crime that could be categorized as white-collar: for a computer

Power helps states to survive in the international system. Do Essay

Power helps states to survive in the international system. Do hegemonies help the maintenance of peace in the international sys - Essay Example The chessboard of international power politics has already been tabled and all the major stakeholders are dying to have a lion share of the ongoing conflicts in the region that have huge stakes in international politics. The case of Syria For a long time, the Middle East has been a region associated with hegemonic forces. Human massacres, ethnic cleansing, physical destructions, and other gross human crimes in the face of international community characterize the region (John 11). The weakened populations are the subjects of regional dynasties, states, and powerful groups who control both the economic and political power over the years. The emerging geopolitical trends and geostrategic trends all speak about yet another bloody round of hegemony forces that keep on flexing their muscles in every opportunity After the chemical attach of the Syrian civilians in the wake of uprising in Syria, the U.S.A administration almost made up its mind to flex its military muscles in the region. The Obama administration had a strong urge to attack Syria but he had to take into consideration the power politics in the region before taking such a bold step (Keneth 2). The United States administration had to weigh the consequences of such a move and its impacts on the stability and their interest in the region. Despite opposition from various military heads, the Catholic pope and the United Nations Security Council, the Obama administration pushed forward it its bid to end the stalemate in the Syrian region. The Syrian uprising owed a lot to the uprising that toppled the government of Egypt since Syria has often had a love hate relationship with Egypt. The Assad government initially reacted positively by meeting some of the demands of the people but the demands were so much than he could bare as duration continued. The United States Policy The Washington has a lot of interest in gulf monarchies hence they always watch keenly for every move they take both economically and politicall y. If the current Syrian crisis is left unresolved, it’s possible that the Iranian threat would become a reality and a change of leadership in Syria would mean a political defeat for Iran and its loss of influence in the Gulf. The Obama administration has pursued a number of policies in their attempt to broker peace in Syria and ensure a democratic transition (Dietz 16). The Obama admiration at first demanded a political transition when he called the resignation of Syrian president al Assad by asserting that they call for a democratic transition. The united states have also advocated for an international diplomacy through the United Nations Security Council to condemn the Syrian government to end the bloodshed in their country. The United States supported the efforts to improve the international policy coordination to Syrian people end the stalemate that threaten peace and stability in the country. Through the united nation security council, the United States supported the An nan plan that had a roadmap for ending the crisis that rocked the Syrian republic. Despite these their numerous efforts, they have blamed Russia and China for sabotaging their peace efforts by failing to support such initiatives at the Security Council. They have blamed Russian and Chinese of vetoing the draft resolutions in the Security Council against the Assad regime thwarting the efforts to achieve peace in that region. In the year 2012, the United States

Does Online Communication Compromise the Rights of an Individual When Essay

Does Online Communication Compromise the Rights of an Individual When Information is "Anonymous" - Essay Example The effect of anonymous online communication on the rights of individuals still remains a hotly debated topic in the coming years. Different scholars have divergent views with regards to the issue. Neil Swidey on one hand believes that it compromises the rights of the individual because many people post abusive and vitriolic stuff that are often eliminated by the site moderators (Akrivopoulou and Garipidis, 148). He argues that anonymous posters may sometimes become offensive thereby calling into question the nature as well as the value of online communication. Ian Lloyd, on the other hand, maintains that anonymous online communication does not compromise the rights of the individuals. He argues that there is a legal approach that protects anonymity and privacy. Even though the legal approach that is directed online communications tries to safeguard personal rights, people may often have bad intentions; therefore, life in this digital age may be subject to breaches of trust (Akrivopoulou and Garipidis, 148). However, it is worth noting that the use of anonymous online communication is unstoppable because its benefits do outweigh any limitations they bring. The government and the media should be involved in identifying how to harness the potential of anonymous online communication to inform the general public better by making sure that the good intentions do not often backfire. According to me, I tend to think that anonymous online communication is not capable of compromising the rights of the individuals in case it is used correctly because it has more good than harm. First, anonymous online communication actually protects the rights of individuals. It has greatly helped investigative journalists who frequently use it when investigating new stories. Such people have been able to gather information that they wouldn’t have reached had they used direct

What is the function of the theory of games within the academic Essay

What is the function of the theory of games within the academic literature Discuss - Essay Example In these natures of games, intellectual personnel's intermingle with each other in an endeavor to accomplish their objective. Later than this economists developed interest in non-unvarying sum playoffs and this brought Nash Equilibrium into subsistence by John Nash in 1950. This contribution was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1994. This hypothesis can be advantageous to economic, political and business circumstances and gradually it is been used in numerous line of work. Nash equilibrium is that game theory where no player has an encouragement to alteration of his or her stratagem whilst the game is iterated, but on one clause that no other player modifies his or her line of attack either. One or more Nash equilibrium is conventional for games. For example: There is an alternative to choose between x and y for the two players 1 and 2. Then it is apparent that if the player 1 chooses x then the other player also has to choose x. correspondingly this stipulation is applied in case for choosing y. This game repetitively, again and again permits the player to structure prospect about the others preference and will tag along. With the help of game theory it is uncomplicated to discover the most excellent and most advantageous elucidation in the intermediate of the argument. Oligopolistic markets have interdependence owing to which these variances take place. Game theory gives us the picture about fundamental commencement for the various fields. It accomplishes a language to correspond mutually supporting linking firms, administrators, personnel, administrations, further countries and the like. This moreover is of assistance to assess the commonsensical uniformity of profitable domino effect concerning to mutually dependent. As a result it involves the economic representation such as trustworthiness resulting from the subordinate game by faultless Nash equilibrium methodology, which is made known to reallocate feedback purpose. It assists to recognize the most favorable line of attack for commerce and administrations, which were observed at some point in the Cold War. Therefore it is a helpful source for t he managers in occurrence of the argument or any improbability. Hierarchy The complete game theory is alienated into subsequent three uninterrupted hierarchy: Distinctiveness to capitalize on profits Economic judiciousness implementing the contentious hypothesis which, selfish people are there and work for own reimbursement. Organizations accomplishment might have an effect on one another; mutual supporting. For instance, the way it ensues in Oligopolistic antagonism, one organizations promotion may have an effect on alternative organizations revenue. In these individuals, firms, etc. are the main players, which perform like decision creator. Then the stratagems are obtainable, through which the organization can acquire achievement and whichever energetic or up to standard line of attack by the player. There are the payoffs acknowledged by the players subsequent to the dealings are been embarked on. Its tenure for revenue and thus be part of the cause a language for the game theory. This will help us to know how

Outline and Evaluate Two Models of Abnormality Essay Example for Free

Outline and Evaluate Two Models of Abnormality Essay The essence of a psychodynamic approach is to explain behaviour in terms of its dynamics – i. e. the forces that drive it. The best known example of this approach is Freud. Freud believed that the origins of mental disorder lie in the unresolved conflicts or childhoods which are unconscious. Medical illnesses are not the outcome of physical disorders but of these psychological conflicts. Conflicts between the id, ego, and superego create anxiety. The ego protects itself with various defence mechanisms (ego defences). These defences can be the cause of disturbed behaviour if they are overused. In childhood the ego is not developed enough to deal with traumas and therefore they are repressed. For example, a child may experience the death of a parent early in life and repress associated feelings. Later in life, other losses may cause the individual to re-experience the earlier loss and can lead to depression. Previously the unexpressed anger about the loss is directed inwards towards the self, causing depression. Ego defences, such as repression and regression, exert pressure through unconsciously motivated behaviour. Freud proposed that the unconscious consists of memories and other information that are either very hard or almost impossible to bring into conscious awareness. Despite this, the unconscious mind exerts a powerful effect on behaviour. This frequently leads to distress, as the person does not understand why they are acting in that particular way. The underlying problem cannot be controlled until brought into conscious awareness. However Abstract concepts such as the id, ego and superego are difficult to define and research. Because actions motivated by them operate on an unconscious level, there is no way to know for certain that they are occurring. Also a common criticism of Freud’s work is that it was sexist. The Biological approach is ‘the view that behaviour can all be explained in terms of biological mechanisms, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, brain activity and influences inherited via genes. ’ A biological psychologist explains abnormal behaviour in terms of an abnormal biology, and therefore explains mental disorder as the consequence of malfunctioning of these biological systems. It follows the belief that ‘treatment’ should repair these faulty systems, using somatic therapies such as drugs, ECT and psychosurgery. The biological (medical) model assumes that all mental disorders are related to some change in the body. Mental disorders are like physical disorders i. e. they are illnesses. Such changes or illnesses may be caused by one of four possible factors; * Genetic Inheritance * Biochemistry * Neuroanatomy * Viral infection Abnormalities in brain anatomy or chemistry are sometimes the result of genetic inheritance, and so are passed from parent to child. One way of investigation this possibility is by studying twins. Pairs of identical twins can be compared to see whether, when one twin has a disorder, the other has it as well. This provides us with a concordance rate. A concordance Rate: the extent to which two individuals are similar to each other in terms of a particular trait. There are low concordance rates for some mental disorders, such as phobias, but relatively high concordance rates for others e. g. schizophrenia. Genes tell the body how to function. They determine, for example, the levels of hormones and neurotransmitters in the brain (biochemistry). Genes also determine the structure of the brain (Neuroanatomy). Research has shown that schizophrenics have enlarged ventricles in their brains, indicating of brain tissue around these spaces. Research suggests that some disorders may be related to exposure to certain viruses in utero (i. e. in the womb). For example, Torrey (2001) found that the mothers of many people with schizophrenia had contracted a particular strain of influenza during pregnancy. The virus may enter the unborn child’s brain, where it remains dormant until puberty, when other hormones may activate it, producing the symptoms of schizophrenia. The emergence of the medical model in the 18th century led to more humane treatment for mental patients. Until then mental illness was blamed on demons or on evil in the individual. The medical model offered a different source of blame – the illness, which was potentially treatable. However, more recent critics have claimed that the medical model is inhumane. Thomas Szasz (1972) argued that mental illnesses did not have a physical basis, therefore should not be thought of in the same way. He suggested that the concept of mental illness was ‘invented’ as a form of social control. The available evidence does not support a simple cause and effect link between mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and altered brain chemistry. For example, schizophrenia is commonly associated with an excess of the brain neurotransmitter dopamine. However, some studies of schizophrenic patients have shown reduced levels of dopamine in some brain tissues, meaning that there may be simultaneous excesses and deficiencies in different parts of the brain. There is no evidence that mental disorders are purely caused by genetic inheritance – concordance rates are never 100%. Gottersman and Shields (1976) reviewed the results of five studies of twins looking for concordance rates for schizophrenia. They found that in monozygotic twins (identical) there was a concordance rate of around 50%. If schizophrenia was entirely the product of genetic inheritance then this figure should be 100%. It is likely that, in the case of certain disorders, what individuals inherit is susceptibility for the disorder, but the disorder itself only develops if the individual is exposed to stressful life conditions (i. e. stress). This is called the diathesis-stress model. Diathesis-Stress Model: a belief that, in case of certain disorders, individuals inherit a susceptibility for the disorder (diathesis) which develops only if he individual is exposed to difficult environmental conditions (stress). The greater the under-lying vulnerability, the less stress is needed to trigger the disorder.

Academic Performance of International Students Problems

Academic Performance of International Students Problems Gaw, K. F. (2000). Reverse culture shock in students returning from overseas. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24(1), 83-104. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.rit.edu/docview/57515934?accountid=108 Personal and academic challenges faced by the international student in Australia Abstract: This research study aims to determine the problems faced by an international student resulting in poor academic performances and also some of the factors that are responsible for the weakness in their study of Kings own Institute (KOI) Sydney. Being new to the abroad learning experiences,students certainly will face many challenges interms of their academic and personal life. Therefore,it will try to identify the problems behind the failures,which not only reduce their grades, but also creates problems in their personal and economic life too. The purpose of this study is to understand the learning experience of international students in this new learning environment. New culture, differences in the learning style, not knowing the proper ways of doing the class assignments,difficulties on managing the job schedule and management of class,difficulties in discourse, the difficulties on language problem further creates a difficulty of adjustment in the new environment. International stud ents from different countries at KOI makes valuable contribution of cultural and language diversity,but at the same time it creates cultural and language differences among student to another student and student with the lecturer and other staff member of the KOI. When student encounter new environment with unfamiliar face,certainly they feel awkward and shy to ask anything or anyone for help which further becomes problematic for them. Hence; the research will look at how things from the new environment are perceived by international students. The consequences of the research will not only be in finding the problems and its causes but also in finding the proper and positive ways to improve and resolve the existing problems and to lessen them somehow by finding out the causes behind the issue. What are the major issues that international students have to face? When they are newcomers in Australia will be the focus question for research. The significance of the study will benefit both the staff member and the future international students who will encounter similar problems at an early phase of starting new abroad experience away from their home. These issues and problems can help the department of KOI to try for more progressive ways to help out and solve the issues of students who are totally lost and confused. Qualitative research method was used for this research project where face to face interviews to try to understand the issues was conducted with the participants. Five international student from different nationality were taken as the respondent for the research interview and questions. Even though the research has its own significance,scope,aims and objectives,the research had some limitation which was unavoided. Because of the limited time and few respondents . The study would have been more authentic if larger group of people from diverse background and disciplines were interviewed to explore more things and see the comparability. The findings of the study showed other challenges apart from language barrier ranging from time management,adopting the Australian culture,the proper ways of doing the assignment without plaigairism and proper referencing of the source,accommodation,social isolation,and financial complication. In addition,the interview question with the international students highlighted how educational workshops,help from friend and colleagues,and individual study improved their difficulties and challenges and turn into a better experience of the new learning environment. All in all, the study will try to understand the views and the opinions of the various participants and try to resolve the issues by comparing and contrasting the problems faced by each participant and also will look at the experiences of the students on their journey of being an overseas student in a different country with different ways of learning. KEYWORDS: Determine, consequences, conducted, resolve, qualitative method, contrasting. The research problem: Studying aboard is a challenging thing for students interms of being able to adjust in every thing that will make things difficult in a new learning environment. The basic purpose of this research will be to seek out the various factors that cause problems for leading to academic failures and also in personal life at Kings Own Institute, Sydney. This research aims to investigate the factors that cause stressful situations for students resulting in poor academic performance and various other issues affecting their lives adversely. Most of the international students are from a second language background, which does not include learning in their first language. Even though they have to take some proficiency test (IELTS) in order to meet the entry criteria to the University and campus, they will have a hard time accessing the resources and also in understanding the lectures because of the new information in the new language too. The main complication faced by the international students is regarded with language and skills needed for academic reading and writing. (Ballard, B. Clanchy, J. (1997). Even though, language difficulties appears to be a problem for many international students,research has shown that mixture of academic experiences,expectations and differences in the learning and teaching practices also creates problem for them. (Ames, 1996; Bilbow, 1989). At a social level, the sense of loneliness, cultural shock, the necessity to find work, managing the class timetable and work schedule at the same time make them feel more isolated and frustrated in the early months. All of these problems are combined with the study and students also have to pass the demand of KOI to remain in the college here as mentioned in their visa status. The danger of failing the KOI subjects brings additional and heavy stress on students as this also decides their permission to stay in Australia too. There are many benefits offered by KOI at academic and social level but students are sometimes too occupied to benefit from these program and as a result,they fall behind their studies. Therefore, the scope of this research will be limited to International students at KOI who will be from non-English background countries, who will be both from the Bachelors as well as Masters strands. If the existing problems are not identified and resolved, then, it may lessen the motivation for the students to move ahead in their life and may cause long-term effects. Background: Australia is regarded as one of the most popular destinations for studying, especially for international students. Educational institutions are of high quality and so regarded around the world. Enrolment for higher studies has increased considerably in recent years. Universal understudies pick Australia for the Australian instruction encounter on offer and for the all around perceived, excellent capabilities. The chance to coordinate with a different scope of residential and universal understudies improves this experience. Australian organizations are additionally looking to widen and expand their understudy populace by creating solid associations and coordinated efforts with establishments abroad and encouraging the development of understudy trade through these organizations. Global understudies, aside from their prompt review pathways, set their sights on their future vocation ways, regardless of whether that is at home, in Australia or a third nation. The entrance to work is an ex ceptionally important resource in pulling in understudies to Australia, particularly in connection to contender nations, for example, the United Kingdom and United States(Australia,Educating globally advice from international education advisory council, p-50-58) Acceptance and demand for Internationalization and Globalization of the world have increased the flow of students from different parts of the world to Australia. The world is going thorug numerous changes in the field of science,technology,media and medicine which is revolutionisng the field of education too. ( NorzainiAzman, Yang Farina Abd. Aziz,2006) . Striving for better opportunities and dreams of a better life has always attracted overseas students to come to Australia. Multiculturalism and biodiversity among the people have further led overseas students to be positive about this country too. International students have always made a positive contribution to their Universities, or college. The flow of cultural diversity and exchange, the increment of financial revenue for the colleges through payment from tuition fees by international students and the cost of living expenses has further had ensured warm welcome for international students in various universities and educational institutes across Australia. Source:  Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Student visa program,Accessed on 18th January,2017,Retrieved from Australian social trends December 2011(ABS) The above graph clearly shows the variation and origin of students in Australia from various backgrounds because of which, all students both native and non-native have developed sensitivity to other students as a result of dealing with students from different backgrounds too. Having students from overseas have always made a positive contribution in Australia. Australia has always been regarded as a developed country in terms of providing facilities to the people in various fields. Employment, education, and the technological field have always been focused on and achieve success in various important fields and given opportunities to the people too. Renowned universities and colleges are found in Australia which provides the best education both practically and theoretically. International students have to deal with many problems. Differences in the education system compared to their home country makes it more confusing for them while doing the assignments and not knowing the accepted way to solve their problems too. Knowledge about the library resources ,proper style of referencing and formats are very necessary for students but they lack such skills which creates further problem for them. (Martin Zimerman, (2012),pp. 290 299). The important part for academic writing is to acknowledge the concerned sources, hence, not knowing the right way to reference the text and sources makes them more confused ,which in a way must be solved by seeking out help form the instructors who can help in summarizing the complex text through academic style. Furthermore, the Instructors can also arrange workshops appropriate for tutoring (Rebecca Moore Howard, p-799-781) Ways of performing their work and carrying it out have to followthe accepted method of the country in which they are working. The language barrier is another factor that makes it difficult for them understand the lectures being given because of their lecturers accent they are not familiar with. Students pretend to understand the lessons in order to be equal to the native speakers because of the limited language proficiency. When students are new to the learning environment they are unfamiliar with the people and the context of the study which makes them shyand introvertwhich makes them worried and tense during social interactions(Australian psychological association,2012) A Better Education determines a better future for the student. Education shapes the students present career and makes them ready for future opportunities so that they can sustain their living and have a better life. Therefore, it is required to address the personal and academic challenges faced by international students and find a possible solution to resolve those issues too. Not only students but the concerned and responsible organization should also show some interest in solving the issues faced by the students in order to help them progress in a more organizedway. Universities and colleges should also organize a workshop program where the international students can be a part of it and be familiar with Study Materials such as the library and make-up classes and extra language and also with other fellow classmates and also with the languages being used for the interaction. The arrangement of the cultural and recreational activities by the Educational institutes can develop a sense of group understanding among other students. Assisting students with clear guidelines required for the assignment, and helping them by providing the sample answers can make them do their assignment better. For the language barriers to be overcome, educational institutions must organize English Development Classes every week (like the ones existing at KOI) in order to be familiar with the various accents (lectures delivered in English), vocabulary, and words. This way, students can understand the topic being discussed in the class and contribute to their conversation being taught in the class too. Universities and colleges should be willing to assist the students socially, culturally and academically. Proper guidance from the teachers, Universities staffs, head of the Faculty members, and a support from their fellow classmates can surely make students lessen their problem regarding the assignment problems, language barriers and other related issues faced by the students. Better and mutual understanding among the teachers and the students will develop the sense of communication, which will help in notifying the issues being raised, existed and the ways to solve those problems in an effic ient and effective way too. Ethical consideration: Being ethical means that your project does not bring harm or disadvantage to anyone who takes part, including yourself-(Lambert, M. 2012). Carrying out an ethical research means to involve the collection of the information and data from people without any intention of harming them and putting them at risk. Therefore the researcher has to conduct the research in an ethical way. Research needs to be undertaken under the Legal frameworks and regulation which must be followed as per the rules and regulations of the concerned institutions. The research project needs to have a detailed plan of the research for the approval to prove the relevance of the research in order to start a research. After that, there needs to be approval from the participants too. Participants of the research have every right to know about the subject matter and need to agree before starting the research. The researcher needs to get approval from the participant and also should provide a consent form. The main aim of the research will be to find a reasonable solution rather than being used for the personal benefit of the researcher. Therefore some of the other factors to be followed during the research process are: Honesty: The researcher should be honest about the information given by the informants and try not to misinterpret or misrepresent it. It should be recorded in the way it is. The researcher should also avoid mis-leading the participants inorderto get an honest answers from them. . So, the researcher needs to be clear in front of the participants about the research and the processes involved in tithe participants of the researcher should be made very clear about the purposes of the study, and also about the methods being used while conducting the research Objectivity: The researcher should be neutral and should avoid biasness interms of sex,race and ethnicity. Prevention of harm and risks, honest and truth, Privacy, confidentiality, anonymity intervention are some of the things to be kept in mind before and during the research. The researcher should avoid bias between the participants too. Confidentiality: The researcher should protect the confidential information and the recorded data given by the informants. Personalinformations and secrets shared by them should not be disclosed and should be kept confidential. Anonymity: In some case the informants are not willing to share their name and contact details. Therefore their anonymity should alswyas be respected and protected making sure that it is not disclosed anywhere. Anonymity of individuals and organisations also has to be maintained(Bryman Alan and Emma Bell,2007) Legality: The researcher should follow and obey the rules and regulations thats needs to be followed without any intention of harming or causing problem to anyone. Survey of Literature: The literature review will look at the research that has been done in the past and published by various authors on the subject matter and the solution for resolving the issues for the challenges faced by an international student for the backwardness in their study and poor performances making their life more stressful. Some of the literature review on the regarded subject matter is mentioned below; Loneliness and international students an Australian study,2008, Journal of studies in international education. United States: Sage Publications, Inc. , 2008. Vol. 12, no. 2 (Summer 2008), p. 148-180. In a study of international student security, consisting of 200 intensive interviews with students, resident onshore in Australia, it was found that two-thirds of the group had experienced problems of loneliness and/or isolation, especially in the early months where students feel more lonely because of having no friends at all and also because of the loss of regular contact with their families, relatives, and friends. According to Higher Education Research Development, Volume 10, Issue 1, 1991, Overseas students bring to Australia a very different cultural, social and intellectual experience from that which awaits them. Reviews of previous studies suggest that their beliefs, values, and attitudes to knowledge, to styles of learning and study, can lead to study shock. A questionnaire survey of a sample of 133 first year overseas students mainly from Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong, most of whom were studying for a Bachelor of Business degree, and 76 Australian-born first year students mainly of British and European origin from the same classes, showed that compared to local students the overseas group had significantly greater difficulties adjusting to academic requirements, particularly with regard to managing the demands of study, specifically study methods, independent learning, language skills, participation and time management. Danny Ong, 2009, A UNSW press book, The international students handbook, Living and studying in Australia. The last two decades have seen a second wave statistics of international students coming to Australian Universities. The enormous growth in the number of such students is unequaled around the world. The majority of these students have very positive experiences and surveys generally show a high level of satisfaction. However, many hazards await students, and the Universities and the relevant government have shown a varying ability to address these optimally. Issues such as finding suitable accommodation, health care including a mental health care, homesickness, the costs of living and travel, and the safety of the students are all significant concerns. Andrade, Maureen Snow, (2006) writes, International students in institutions of higher education in English-speaking countries make valuable educational and economic contributions. For these benefits to continue, universities must become more knowledgeable about the adjustment issues these students face and implement appropriate support services. This review identifies factors that influence the adjustment and academic achievement of international students. Adjustment challenges are primarily attributable to English language proficiency and culture. Achievement is affected by English proficiency, academic skills, and educational background. Understanding international student adjustment issues has global implications for intercultural education too. Learning at University: The International Student Experience, Meeri Hellsten and Anne Prescott,  volume 5, no. 3, 2004, International Education Journal: The The journal explains how lack of communication between students and teahers adversely affect the students learning. The stereotype of Asian background students of being slow,and passive infornt of their colleagues and teacher makes them feel like they cant contribute in class discussion because of the inferiority of making mistakes. Yes. Um they [teachers] think its a job. They ask something. We say nothing cause we wanna say but (inaudible) shy. And Im afraid sometimes Ill make a mistake. The above statement from one of the student from the journal mentioned how assumption of an individual can create problems for communicating and also in learning process. The journal also stated how leaving away from family,friends and relatives is an awful experience for younger international students interms of acculturations,adaptation to the new learning environment,and communication problem which lacks support from the teaching staff too. The findings from the study in the journal mentioned the busy schedules of the teaching staff because of which even the students wanted help from the teacher,the student was unable to get any support to solve the issue. Aims and objectives of the Research: The international students come to Australia with the aim of studying and getting a qualification which will lead them to a better life in Australia or other English speaking countries. The aim is to become proficient in English and live possibly in English speaking countries. This is one of the pressures on the students as their parents are pressurizing them . Thats an external challenge but there are numerous challenges arising during their study and stay in Australia. The students not only have to be aware of the program but at social level and academic level the students have to be aware of how they use their English on different profession, socialpeople,academic reading and writing. This review expects to give keen data furthermore, direction not just for ebb and flow and future universal research understudies in Australian colleges, additionally for different instructive administrations and significant government organizations to give more successful support to them (Joanne sin Wei Yeoh,University of Tasmania,pg-1) The social challenges are cultural, in that Australia has very different culture part of which is based on English culture and but part of it now is based on mixed race background of the many other country people who live in Australia. For example; as stated by the (Australian bureau statistics ABS, 2012), the second most spoken language in Australia is Mandarin (1. 6per cent), Italian (1. 4 per cent) and Arabic (1. 3 per cent) respectively. There are many Chinese; there are many Italian and many Arabic and people from all over the world. Andtherefore, there are different cultural habits, and attitudes with which the student must become familiar and must learn not to object to the practices of other people. Thats a very difficult thing for some people. Therefore, the research will look at some of the issues and the questions, which will help for getting more informations. How the international students cope with various challenges occurring in the new learning environment? As a part of the social challenge, there is the food, much of which can be very different to their home country and then there is the behavior of people that are regarded a bad mannered, not standing back for other people or for women. For example in Australia, walking on the left is important, especially in the crowded areas. These are all the things to which students have to get used. But, intellectual or mental problems are also considerably important. The education in Australia is of much more personally oriented rather than group oriented. In that its aimed at individuals and therefore, in that one has to learn virtually twolanguages. One is the language of social interaction and one is the language of professional interaction and the vocabularies of each of those are very important. The research basically aims to evaluate the different factors behind the poor academic performance of the international students of KOI and its effects on their personal life which challenges their stay in Australia. The objectives of the research will be to identify the various challenges faced by the students of KOI and try to find effective solutions and accomplish the aim of resolving those issues and problems in order to make it easier for them to tackle such problems in an easy way. How will they try to understand the different methods of learning? The method of learning in Australia is very much the personal responsibility of the student and they have to get involved in learning as a person not as a member of a group. They have to individualize their learning because the learning that they were doing is the learning so that the person can cope in the society. So, they must as said above have two different vocabularies for personal interaction and the vocabulary language needed for academic interaction. These two languages are very important and are too often neglected by incomers to the society in Australia. The Personal interaction and personal vocabulary for one on one conversation is regarded as extremely important in Australia. The ability to get on with other people in on one on one talk is very important. Inbusiness or in professions there are specific vocabularies and there is almost a specific grammar and this has to be learned by practice. So, in school or for the new comers they have to learn, how to get on with people they dont know and thats important. What are the disadvantages and advantages of being a Non-Native speaker at KOI? Firstly the language used in class is English and the language used by the lecturers and teachers is also English and may be of a kind of English that is different to what you learned because while the lecturers are English speakers, many of them are from non-English speaking cultures. So, some of them would make a difference. The disadvantage also is that the learning of vocabulary learned is specific and one has to learn all the words that deal with that language and in order to get control of the vocabulary needed to cope with that particular profession. Are there a advantage of being a non-native speaker, there are some, in that everyone at KOI, there are many different language background and therefore everyone is forced to speak a clear version of the English language and they are expected to deal with students being aware of that kind of problem and how you use the English at different sector socially, professionally and academically. Research Design: This research study will use a qualitative approach. This methodology will have great role as regard to researcher as they will be involved in every steps taken before and during the research process, planning and reporting. Qualitative approach helps for doing the social issues as there is an active participation and interaction both between the researchers and the individuals involved in it. Thematizing(What is going to be studied), how the research should be designed,How the interviews will be conducted and recorded, are some of the key points to be followed during the process of research based on qualitative research. Here, qualitative researcher must be personally involved in every research process as researcher is the final person to decide what must be included in that particular subject of research. (Anne Sofia Fink, 2000). Interviews have a moral issues; they concern interpersonal exchange of information resulting data about the human personal life and condition. Maintainingconfidentiality,informed consent and secrecy is problematic issue to handle during the data collection from this methodology. The qualitative method will help us get the information through in-depth interviews of the related focus group. It is at this point that the information from the focused group is emphasized. Center gatherings are thought up settings, uniting a particularly picked area of the populace to examine a specific given topic or subject, where the connection with the assemble prompts to information and results. Theresearch will be reliable only if the research question is carried out in similar group of respondents in similar context to get similar results(pg-284-290,Louis cohen,Lawrencemanion and Keith morrission). Since the focused group is normally at the undergraduate level and post-graduate level (dependin g on the countries they are originated from), the participants will be limited and would randomly be selected as its not possible to include every one of them. Students ranging from 4-7will be included from diverse subject background and nation. Interview with several respondents and questions of same topic increases comparability which reduces bias among the participant and their opinon about the topic. (p-355,6th edition,Louis cohen,Lawrencemanion and Keith morrission) Quantitative research is based on numbers and statistics but Qualitative research is not related to the numeric data and  information so everything needs to be recorded as the methodology seek to collect information about a small  number of respondents (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2009). Recordings from audio will be taken with the approval of the participants in order to study the tone and their way of expression. Everything must be recorded and analyzed in order to include all information and not to miss out on any information provided by the participants. As mentioned above, Interview was taken among students which included the following question: 1. What were the major difficulties you faced while you were new in Australia? 2. What measures did you take to resolve those challenges? 3. What were your expectations before applying and coming to Australia? 4. What were the differences you found in terms of culture between Australia and your home country? 5. What did you do to cope up with following things? Differences in culture Homesickness Job schedules and class management Assignment stress And language problem References: American Psychological Association. (2012). Shyness. Retrieved on January 31st 2017, from http: //www. apa. org/topics/shyness/index. aspx Andrade, Maureen Snow. International students in English-speaking universities Adjustment factors. Journal of Research in International Education 5. 2 (2006): 131-154. Ames, M. (1996). Oxford Brookes: The international student experience. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University.

The Project Report In Executives Salaries Commerce Essay

The Project Report In Executives Salaries Commerce Essay Are CEOs overpaid? Many people think so and many potential causes have been identified such as too much power, inattentive boards of directors, conflicts of interest by compensation consultants, the use of stock options and the list goes on. Some studies show that the average CEO was paid $10 million to $15 million in 2005. This includes their salary, bonus, stock option gains, stock grants and various executive benefits and prerequisites (news.cnet.com). We now look at the highest 10 paid jobs in UK and find not surprisingly that Company CEOs are right there at the top of the list by a huge pay difference when compared with others high in the list. 10 Highest paid UK jobs June 2009 Company CEO/Directors  £171,509 Doctors  £81,744 Brokers  £80,233 Financial Managers Chartered Secretaries  £79,545 Civil Servants (Senior)  £71,824 Aircraft Pilots Flight Engineers  £61,585 Management Consultants/Economists  £52,505 Lawyers, Judges Coroners  £51,579 Police Officers (Inspector and above)  £51,487 Managers (Marketing and Sales)  £50,575 ( Source : careerbuilder.co.uk ) Research Question What factors affect chief executive officer salaries? The files CEOSAL1.RAW and CEOSAL2.RAW are data sets that have various firm performance measures as well as information such as tenure and education. Compared with CEOSAL1.RAW, the second data set contains more information about the CEO, rather than about the company is included (Wooldridge, 2008). In the dataset, Wooldridge took a random sample of data reported in the May 6, 1991 issue of Businessweek. Literature Review In context of current financial crisis, CEO compensation has been a major subject of discussion among businessmen and academics since early 1920s (McKnight et al., 2000). How high should be the compensation, what is the relationship between CEO pay and his abilities, what is the correlation between CEO compensation and companys performance? We have chosen the topic due to its obvious relevance with current financial situation. During the literature review we found a number of empirical articles, exploring various aspects of CEO compensation. McKnight et al (2000) in CEO age and Top Executive Pay: A UK Empirical Study examines the implication of CEO age on managerial pay. They promote four hypotheses: The positive relationship between CEO pay and age The positive relationship between company size and CEO compensation, however it would weaken with the increase of CEO age The relationship between company performance and CEO salary would weaken with increasing age of CEO The relationship between company performance and CEO incentive pay would be positive and would strengthen with increase of CEO age They have explored over 100 UK companies and not only considered CEO pay but have divided it into salary, performance bonuses and share options in order to obtain clearer results. McKnight et al (2000) have concluded that relationship between CEO age and their bonuses appeared to be non-linear. The data did not support Hypothesis 3 and 4, although Hypothesis 1 and 2 were proved by the data. The practical implication of their research suggests that board members considering CEO pay should take into account the age, family and financial circumstances of the CEO, especially if CEO age is about 53 years, as it is an inflection point on curvilinear association of the effect of CEO age on bonus. This conclusion highlights the different aspect of CEO pay, whereas in earlier research McKnight (1996) examined 200 UK firms and found that performance and firm size are the important predictors of executive remuneration. Rose and Shepard (1997) in Firm diversification and CEO compensation: managerial ability or executive entrenchment? explored empirical association between CEO pay and a number of different firm characteristics, such as size and performance. They have also considered CEO personal abilities and characteristics, however the major focus of their research was on correlation between CEO pay and company diversification. They conclude that firm diversification in most cases does not benefit stockholders by increasing company value, but might only benefit the decision makers. Rose and Shepard (1997) admit that such conclusion is controversial and required further empirical research. Rose and Shepard (1997) considered firm diversification as one important determinant of CEO compensation. Investigating the relationship between CEO compensation and firm diversification over 1985-1990, they found that the CEO of a firm with two lines of business averages 13% more in salary and bonus than the CEO of a similar-sized but undiversified firm, ceteris paribus. The term Ceteris Paribus means that all other relevant factors held fixed or constant (Morris, 2008). In the later paper of Van Putten and Bout (2008), the relationship between CEO compensation and company performance has been stressed and their research was made during financial crisis and therefore might be more relevant in todays economic situation. Deckop (1988) analyse data from 120 firms in 1977-81 to show that CEOs were not given an incentive through compensation to increase the size of the firm at the expense of profit which is contrary to the findings of some other studies. Rather, CEO compensation was positively related to profit as a percentage of sales. The market equity value of the firm and the CEOs age and years of service as a CEO had a little effect on compensation (Deckop, 1988). Wright, Kroll and Elenkov (2002) provide us with a theoretical argument that the effect of acquisition-related factors on CEO compensation is contingent upon the intensity of monitoring activities. In firms with vigilant monitors, returns will explain changes in CEO compensation while in firms with passive monitors, increased corporate size due to an acquisition will explain compensation changes. They found support for their hypothesis in a sample of 171 acquisitions over the 1993-98 time period. Various researchers have come up to different conclusions exploring factors affecting CEO pay, therefore we have found this question interesting and we would consider the data from Cengage database and look for some other factors, affecting CEO compensation. Data Description The data has been downloaded from CEngage Learning which has online data sets for Wooldridges Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (cengage.com). It contains two data sets namely CEOSAL1.RAW and CEOSAL2.RAW. CEOSAL2.RAW, the second data set contains more information about the CEO, rather than about the company as in case of CEOSAL1.RAW. The Table below describes the variables in the data sets CEOSAL1 and CEOSAL2. These two data sets were merged to give one final data set namely CEOSAL3.DTA. The variable description for the final data set CEOSAL3 can be found in the Appendix. Variable Descriptions for CEOSAL1 Salary Annual salary (including bonuses) in 1990 (in thousands) $ Sales Firm sales in 1990 (in millions) $ Roe Average return on equity, 1988-90 (in percent) Pcsal Percentage change in salary, 1988-90 Pcroe Percentage change in roe, 1988-90 Indust = 1 if an industrial company, 0 otherwise Finance = 1 if a financial company, 0 otherwise Consprod = 1 if a consumer products company, 0 otherwise Util = 1 if a utility company, 0 otherwise Ros Return on firms stocks 1988-90 Lsalary Natural log of salary Lsales Natural log of sales Variable Descriptions for CEOSAL2 Salary Annual salary (including bonuses) in 1990 (in thousands) $ Age Age in Years College = 1 if attended college, 0 otherwise Grad = 1 if attended graduate school, 0 otherwise Comten Years with Company Ceoten Years as CEO with Company Sales Firm sales in 1990 (in millions) $ Profits Firm Profits in 1990 (in millions) $ Mktval Market Value (in millions) $, end 1990 Lmktval Natural log of mktval Lsalary Natural log of salary Lsales Natural log of sales Comtensq comten^2 (company tenure squared) Ceotensq ceoten^2 (ceo tenure squared) Profmarg profits as % of sales Data Analysis We used regression analysis to look out the factors that affect chief executive officer salaries. We chose a multivariate model because most variables cannot be explained by a single variable and estimations based on a single explanatory variable may lead to biased coefficients (Baum, 2006). A multivariate model allows for ceteris paribus analysis and we can avoid the missing variable bias. We used Stata 10 for the regression analysis of the data set. The data sets namely CEOSAL1.DTA and CEOSAL2.DTA were combined to get a single data set CEOSAL3.DTA. The merging of data sets was possible because the variable salary and sales were common to both data sets and this was necessary to come up with a single equation. The data set CEOSAL1.DTA in memory was appended with CEOSAL2.DTA on disk using the append datasets option in Stata 10 by clicking on Data tab and selecting combine datasets option. Econometric Methodology The methodology is econometric as statistical tool (Stata 10) was used to address economic issues. The analysis is based on observational (non-experimental) data. We then derive a relationship from economic theory or come up with an equation that serves us as an econometric model. lsalary = 4.78 (.51) + .191 (.04) lsales + .083 (.06) lmktval + .017 (.005) ceoten .094 (.079) grad .065 (.23) college .01 (.003) comten + I + u where lsalary = dependent variable, regressand; lsales / lmktval / ceoten / grad / college / comten = explanatory variables, regressor ; u = error term / disturbance; I = dummy / dichotomous variable for Industry ; 4.78 = intercept parameter, .19 / .08 / .017 / -.09 / -.06 / -.01 = population / slope parameters and the respective standard errors are shown in brackets and the bold variables represent that the variable is statistically significant in the data. In the above equation as the dependent variable is also in natural logarithm, the natural log of the explanatory variable gives us elasticity. Elasticity is the percentage change in one variable given a 1% ceteris paribus increase in another variable (Wooldridge, 2008). So, the coefficients of lsales and lmktval give us the elasticity i.e the percentage increase in the dependent variable when the explanatory variable is increased by 1% ceteris paribus. For example, a 1% unit increase in lsales will account for approximately 19% increase in lsalary and similarly a 1% unit increase in lmktval will account for approximately 8% increase in lsalary. Interpretation The t-statistic or t-ratio is defined as the coefficient of the variable divided by its standard error (Wooldridge, 2008). If the numerical value of t-statistic or t-ratio is greater than 2 i.e |t| >2, then the variable is statistically significant. In the data after running the regression analysis, we find the t-ratio of lsales, ceoten, comten and the constant ( y intercept parameter) to satisfy the above inequality [ |t| >2 ] and hence these variables can be declared as statistically significant. The R square for the model is 0.355 ( approximately 36% ) which is moderate as a high R square does not necessarily imply a better model as the coefficient can be misleading at times. However, it is a good starting point and generally bigger R square is good. We get the constant ( y intercept ) to be statistically significant as this would allows us to make an idea of the basic salary of CEO even when sales, profits and market value is down because the CEO gets paid his basic salary, rega rdless of the firm making profits or losses. Critical Analysis With reference to our group presentation and the video reported by ABC News, NewYork which showed that CEOs average annual bailout is $ 13.7 million and average wage earner earns $ 31, 589. This is almost 436 times the salary of an average wage earner which seems to raise few questions and a debate over whether CEOs are overpaid ( youtube.com ). This then raises the point that no survey of executive compensation is complete without the discussion of political factors influencing the great level of CEO pay. The controversy heightened with the November 1991 introduction of Graef Crystals (1991) expose on CEO pay, In Search of Excess, and exploded following President George Bushs ill-timed pilgrimage to Japan in January 1992, accompanied by an entourage of highly paid US executives (Murphy, 1999). Conclusion The research aimed to find out the factors that affect chief executive officer salaries and why CEOs are compensated greatly. The data sets namely CEOSAL1.DTA and CEOSAL2.DTA were combined to give a final data set that was used to answer the research question and draw the conclusion that sales, market value ceotenure have a positive effect on CEO salary while company tenure and college / graduation have a negative effect. In our research and data analysis, the most significant factor comes out to be sales. Limitations The data Wooldridge took is from an issue of Busineesweek in 1991 which is quite old. The files need to be updated and it could be very interesting to know the current trend in CEO Compensation and whether the current economic recession had any effects. Due to the current prevalent economic crisis, the findings can be really interesting which could further add some value to the research that has been already done and leave some space for more research to be carried out in this particular topic. An interesting comparison could be made between the factors e.g sales, ros (return on stocks), roe (return on equity), CEOs age, CEO tenure, profits, market value, comten (years with company), etc highlighted in our literature review and our results so that we know which factor plays the most important role and consequently affects chief executive officer salaries when contrasted in relative terms with other studies. The sample size in the data is approximately 200 observations which is not gr eat. The data shows no evidence for the location of firms and the gender of the CEO. It would be a more contemporary question to pose that is there any gender discrimination in CEO Compensation. The policies of the government are also unknown to see if there were any tax evasions present or not. Further Research A further deep research could use the current data to find the factors affecting CEO salaries. Then, the effects of current economic recession could be looked into and a further study could try to find whether CEOs are overpaid and if so what are the reasons for it? Is it truly because of their managerial ability or it is just an executive entrenchment? Then one could also look at the role of monitoring CEOs and their firms. Are these small, medium or family operated firms and what factors affect their growth and output? Is there sex discrimination in CEO compensation? Bibliography Baum, C.F (2006), An Introduction to Modern Econometrics Using Stata, Stata Press Bout, A. and Van, P.S. (2008), Beyond the boardroom: considering CEO pay in a broader context, People Strategy Deckop, J.R (1988), Determinants of Chief Executive Officer Compensation, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 41(2), pp. 215-226 Crystal, G. (1991), In Search of Excess: The Overcompensation of American Executives, W.W. Norton Company: New York McKnight, P. (1998), An Explanation of Top Executive Pay: A UK Study, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 34:4 McKnight P., Tomkins C. and Weir C. (2000), CEO Age and Top Executive Pay: A UK Empirical study, Journal of Management and Governance, 4:2000 Morris, C. (2008), Quantitative Approaches in Business Studies, 7th Edition, FT-PrenticeHall Murphy, K. (1999), Executive Compensation, Handbook of Labour Economics, 3(2), pp. 2485-2563 Rose, N.L and Shepard, A. (1997), Firm diversification and CEO compensation: managerial ability or executive entrenchment, Journal of Economics, 28(3), pp. 489-514 Wooldridge, J.M (2008), Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition, South-Western Wright, P. ,Kroll M. And Elenkov,D. (2002), Acquisition Returns, Increase in Firm Size, and Chief Executive Officer Compensation: The Moderating Role of Monitoring, The Academy of Management Journal, 45(3), pp. 599-608 http://login.cengage.com/sso/logouthome.do (Accessed on 10th February, 2010) http://news.cnet.com/The-great-overpaid-CEO-debate/2010-1014_3-6078739.html (Accessed on 1st March, 2010) http://www.careerbuilder.co.uk/Article/CB-27-Job-Search-Britains-Best-Paid-Jobs/ (Accessed on 1st March, 2010) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcG-_LlKN14 (Accessed on 19th March, 2010)